Are cryptocurrencies and artificial intelligence dangerous? The European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) believes so and suggests that the associated risk level will continue to rise. The regulator provides eight reasons to support its thesis while also drawing attention to the growing cybersecurity problem in EU countries.

Eight Reasons Why Crypto and AI Are Dangerous, According to ESMA

ESMA recently released its second 'Trends, Risks, and Vulnerabilities (TRV) Report' for 2023. The report delves into various financial market trends, including significant attention to the risks of cryptocurrencies and AI.

In the case of the cryptocurrency market, the regulator identifies four main risks, taking into account volatility, regulations, security, and stablecoins:

1. Market Volatility: ESMA notes that the cryptocurrency market remains highly volatile. The report suggests that fluctuations in cryptocurrency prices can have wide-ranging effects on the financial ecosystem.
2. Regulatory Gaps: The report emphasizes the need for comprehensive regulations to ensure market integrity and consumer protection. The absence of a unified regulatory framework across jurisdictions makes the market prone to fraud and money laundering risks.
3. Cybersecurity Risks: One primary concern ESMA highlights is the persistent risk of cyberattacks. The report mentions a spike in publicly acknowledged cyberattacks on financial entities, many involving cryptocurrencies.
4. Stablecoin Concerns: ESMA points out that the rising popularity of stablecoins like Tether (USDT) and Binance USD (BUSD) brings new challenges. The report suggests that the lack of clarity on how these assets are pegged to traditional currencies can lead to market instability.

“Financial market sentiment improved in the first half of the year, despite the market stress originating from the US banking sector. Nonetheless, the economic outlook remains fragile and uncertainties continue to drive markets. ESMA is therefore keeping the overall risk assessment across its remit at the highest level,” Verena Ross, the Chairwoman of ESMA, commented in the press release.

In the case of artificial intelligence, ESMA lists three additional risks, including data privacy, ethical concerns, and the potential for market manipulation:

1. Data Privacy: The report indicates that the adoption of AI in financial markets poses significant data privacy risks. ESMA emphasizes the need for robust data protection laws to safeguard consumer information.
2. Ethical Concerns: ESMA raises ethical concerns surrounding the use of AI, particularly in decision-making processes that affect consumer well-being. The report suggests that AI algorithms should be transparent and free from biases.
3. Market Manipulation: Another risk mentioned by ESMA is the potential for AI technologies to be used in market manipulation schemes. The report warns that AI algorithms could be employed to distort market prices and deceive investors.

“As ChatGPT and generative AI become integrated into financial markets, closely monitoring and addressing potential risks and implications remains essential to ensure that market participants harness the benefits of these technologies while continuing to operate in a safe and trustworthy financial ecosystem,” ESMA commented.

ChatGPT is currently valued at nearly $30 billion, and 75% of individual investors in the UK consider it a trusted source of financial advice.

Growing Number of Cyber Attacks Concerns ESMA

According to ESMA, the EU financial sector faces high cyber risk. The main reason for concern is the potential escalation of Russia's war of aggression in Ukraine, leading to widespread cyberattacks on Western targets, such as financial entities. The risk of escalation is present in the context of ongoing cyber incidents, often motivated by private financial gains.

"The increasingly international nature and digitalization of financial sector activities and the cross-border nature of cyber threats mean that malicious incidents in one jurisdiction may affect companies and individuals in other regions and may indicate a general level of risk across countries," ESMA stated in the report.

EU regulations on digital operational resilience (DORA) took effect in January 2023. They aim to strengthen the security of digital financial operations, and European Supervisory Authorities (ESAs) are actively preparing for the new regulations. Their preparations also include implementing an effective coordinated response at the EU level in the event of a serious cross-border cyber incident affecting the EU financial sector.

ESMA continually takes various measures to enhance investor protection. In July, it published an updated report detailing the advancements made by National Competent Authorities (NCAs) in refining their practices. Meanwhile, ESMA also issued a regulatory overview focused on copy trading companies in September. The overview was designed to bolster investor safety and foster unified supervision throughout the European Union, aligning with ESMA's goals.